Eating Disorder Statistics & Key Research | Eating Disorders Victoria
Home ~ Eating disorders A-Z ~ Key research and statistics

Key research and statistics

Home ~ Eating disorders A-Z ~ Key research and statistics

This page provides key research and statistics on issues relating to eating disorders.

Please be aware that some of these statistics relate to confronting issues regarding eating disorder risk factors, suicide/mortality rates and mental illness susceptibility.  

It is important to remember that these figures provide a statistical overview only – eating disorders are highly individual and varied and not all research will be applicable to all. 

Please note: Research on eating disorders in Australia is limited; the below figures are the most recent and relevant information we can find. Please always attribute the statistic to the original source, not Eating Disorders Victoria. 

Overview of eating disorders today

  • The number of people in Australia with an eating disorder at any given time is estimated to be around 1 million, or approximately 4% of the population (Deloitte Access Economics, 2015).
  • Eating disorders, when combined with disordered eating together, are estimated to affect 16.3% of the Australian population (Hay, Girosi and Mond, 2015). 
  • Binge Eating Disorder and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders are the most common eating disorders, affecting approximately 6% and 5%, of the total population respectively, while Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa each occur in below 1% of the general population (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Lifetime prevalence for eating disorders is approximately 9% of the Australian population (NEDC, 2017). 
  • A recent review found that worldwide, lifetime prevalence of eating disorders was 8.4% (3.3-18.6%) for women and 2.2% (0.8-6.5%) for men. The results also showed that the prevalence has been increasing over time (Galmiche et.al., 2019). 
  • Of people with eating disorders, 47% have Binge Eating Disorder, 12% have Bulimia Nervosa, 3% have Anorexia Nervosa and 38% have other eating disorders (Paxton et.al., 2012).

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses.

Eating disorders aren’t a fad or a diet gone wrong.

Learn more

Different types of eating disorders

Binge Eating Disorder 

  • The lifetime prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder for females ranges from 2.5%-4.5% and for men ranges from 1%-3% (Erskine & Whiteford, 2018). 
  • Binge Eating Disorder has the latest average age of onset of all eating disorders estimated to be approximately 25 years of age (Butterfly Foundation, 2012). 

Learn more about Binge Eating Disorder

Anorexia Nervosa

  • Based on international data, the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa for females ranges from 0.3%-1.5% and for males ranges from 0.1%-0.5% (Keski-Rahkonen, Raevuori & Hoek, 2018).
  • The average onset of Anorexia Nervosa is 16-17 years, although more and more younger children are becoming affected (Keski-Rahkonen, Raevuori & Hoek, 2018). 

Learn more about Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa 

  • Based on international data, the lifetime prevalence of bulimia in women is between 0.9% and 2.1%, and 0.1% to 1.1% in men (Keski-Rahkonen, Raevuori & Hoek, 2018). 
  • The average age of onset of Bulimia Nervosa is 18 years (Volpe et.al., 2016). 

Learn more about Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorders and gender

  • 63% of people with eating disorders in Australia are female and 37% male (Paxton et.al., 2012). 
  • Women and girls are more likely to experience all types of eating disorders than men and boys, with the exception of Binge Eating Disorder where there is almost equal prevalence (Hay, Girosi & Mond, 2015). 
  • Approximately 80-85% of individuals diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa are female and 15-20% of people with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are male (Hay, Mond, Buttner & Darby, 2008).  
  • The gender distribution for Binge Eating Disorder is roughly equal for males and females (Hay, Mond, Buttner & Darby, 2008). 
  • 15% of all women will experience an eating disorder in their lifetime (Micali et.al., 2017).  
  • Eating disorders are the third most common chronic illness in young women (Yeo & Hughes, 2011). 
  • Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviours in boys and men may present differently than in girls and women, particularly with muscularity-oriented disordered eating (Nagata, Gansen & Murray, 2020). 
  • Research suggests that transgender people, whose assigned sex at birth does not match their gender identity, are more likely than cisgender people, whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder or to engage in disordered eating (Watson, Veale & Saewyc 2017). 
  • Research indicates that both transfeminine spectrum (TFS; those assigned male at birth and identifying as women or on the feminine spectrum) and transmasculine spectrum (TMS; those assigned female at birth and identifying as men or on the masculine spectrum) individuals had higher levels of disordered eating and body dissatisfaction than cisgender participants (Witcomb et.al., 2015).  
  • An Australian study found that 23% of transgender young people have a current or previous diagnosis of an eating disorder (Strauss et.al., 2017). 

Did you know?

It is suspected that the actual percentage of men with eating disorder may be much higher as they are more likely to be overlooked or misdiagnosed by clinicians (Stother et.al., 2012). 

Eating disorders and LGBTIQA+ communities

  • People who are LGBTIQA+ are at a greater risk for disordered eating behaviours (Calzo et.al, 2017).
  • Gay, lesbian and bisexual teens may be at higher risk of binge eating than their heterosexual peers (Austin et.al., 2009).
  • A review from the United States found that lifetime prevalence for eating disorders is higher among sexual minority adults compared with cisgender heterosexual adults however, more detailed research is required (Nagata, Ganson & Austin 2020).

Eating disorders and age

  • Eating disorders can affect people of all ages and have been diagnosed in those younger than 5 years and older than 80 years (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Research shows that adolescents are at greatest riskwith the average age of onset for an eating disorder between 12 and 25 years (Volpe et. al., 2016). 
  • 75% of people diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa and 83% of people diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa are between 12 and 25 years (Volpe et. al., 2016). 
  • 57% of contacts to the Butterfly Foundation National Helpline in 2018-2019 were from young people aged up to 25 years (Butterfly Foundation 2020a). 

Eating disorders and income, education and ethnicity

  • Most people with eating disorders have similar households incomes and education levels as the general population (Hay, Girosi & Mond, 2015).  ion 2020a).
  • Eating disorders occur in all ethnicities, nationalities and cultural backgrounds (Schamberg et.al., 2017). 
  • A 2019 review found that at any one-time prevalence of eating disorders is 4.6% in America, 2.2% in Europe and 3.5% in Asia (Galmiche et.al., 2019). 

Eating disorders and Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander people

  • Though research is limited, it has been estimated that eating disorders incidence is much higher in Indigenous populations with estimates that up to 27% are affected (Burt, Mannan, Touyz, & Hay, 2020).  
  • A recent research study found that 28% of Indigenous high school students have an eating disorder compared to 22% of other Australian teens (Burt et.al., 2020). 
  • Binge eating disorders are as common, if not more common, among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth (Hay & Carriage, 2012). 
  • Research suggests that 30% of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander young people are extremely or very concerned about their body image (Hall et.al., 2020). 

Eating disorders and athletes

  • Disordered eating can occur in any athlete, in any sport, at any time, crossing boundaries of gender, age, body size, culture, socioeconomic background, athletic calibre and ability (Wells et.al., 2020). 
  • Overall, there is a higher prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders in athletes compared to non-athletes (Bratland-Sanda & Sundgot-Borgen, 2013) 
  • It is estimated that up to 45% of females and up to 19% of male athletes experience disordered eating and/or an eating disorder (Reardon et.al., 2019). 
  • Research shows that people who engage in aesthetic, gravitational and weight-class sports such as weight-lifting, boxing, horse racing, rowing, gymnastics, swimming, figure skating and dance are at higher risk of disordered eating and/or an eating disorder (Wells et.al, 2020).  

Eating disorder causes and risk factors

  • No single cause of eating disorders has been identified (NEDC, 2017).  
  • Eating disorders develop from a complex interaction of psychological risk factors, sociocultural influences, and biological and genetic predispositions (Mayhew et.al., 2018). 
  • Disordered eating is the most significant risk factor for the onset of an eating disorder (Loth et.al., 2014). 
  • Sociocultural influences are theorised to play a considerable role in the development of eating disorders, particularly amongst individuals who internalise the Western beauty ideal of thinness (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Common risk factors (across all eating disorders) are gender, ethnicity, early childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems, negative self-evaluation, sexual abuse and other adverse experiences (Culbert, Racine & Klump, 2015). 
  • It has been identified that there are some personality traits that can make people more susceptible to developing Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa such as perfectionism, obsessive-compulsiveness, neuroticism, negative emotionality, harm avoidance, low co-cooperativeness, core low self-esteem and traits associated with avoidant personality disorder (Culbert, Racine & Klump, 2015). 
  • The best-known environmental contributor to the development of eating disorders is the sociocultural idealisation of thinness (Culbert, Racine & Klump, 2015).  
  • Recent research (including twin studies, genome studies and familial aggregation of eating disorders) indicate genetics play a substantial role in the aetiology (cause) of eating disorders (Hubel et.al., 2018, Polderman et.al., 2015, Duncan et.al., 2017 Pettersson et.al, 2019). 
  • Heritability estimates range from 22-76% for Anorexia Nervosa, 52- 62% for Bulimia Nervosa and 57% for Binge Eating Disorder though more detailed research is required (Mitchison & Hay, 2014). 

Learn more about eating disorders and risk factors

Learn more

Eating disorder and co-occurring conditions

Eating disorders are frequently associated with other psychological and physical disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and personality disorders (Hudson et.al, 2007). 

  • Approximately 55- 97% of people diagnosed with an eating disorder have a mental illness comorbid condition (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Approximately 45-86% of individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder have co-existing depression (O’Brien & Vincent, 2003). 
  • Approximately 64% of individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder have co-existing anxiety disorder (Kaye et.al., 2004). 
  • Approximately 58% of individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder have co-existing personality disorder (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Among adolescents, approximately 88% of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa, 84% of individuals with Binge Eating Disorder, and 55% of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa have had one or more co-existing mental illness at some point in their lives (NEDC, 2017).  
  • Research indicates that anxiety disorder (especially social anxiety) can precede the onset of an eating disorder (Swinbourne & Touyz, 2007). 
  • Higher rates of disordered eating have been described in chronic health conditions that require dietary modification, including Celiac disease, Cystic Fibrosis and Diabetes (Wabich et.al., 2020). 
  • People with Diabetes (both Type 1 and Type 2) may be two times as likely to develop disordered eating and/or an eating disorder likely due to the nature of the illness including factors such as weight-gain, obsession with food and feelings of loss of control (Pereira and Alvarenga, 2007). 
  • Gastrointestinal conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are more prevalent in those diagnosed with an eating disorder though research is unclear if symptoms are resulting from or precede the eating disorder (Mari et,.al., 2019). 
  • Research findings suggest indicate that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis, may struggle with maladaptive attitudes toward eating making them at higher risk for developing disordered eating and/or an eating disorder however more research specific to these conditions is required (Wabich et.al., 2020). 

Learn more about eating disorders and other health conditions

Learn more

Eating disorder mortality and suicidality

  • Eating disorders, along with substance use disorders, have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders (Chesney, Goodwin & Fazel, 2014). 
  • The mortality rate of those with Anorexia Nervosa is higher than other eating disorders (Fichter & Quadflieg, 2016). 
  • Cardiovascular complications is the leading cause of death among people with Anorexia Nervosa, followed by suicide (Smith, Zuromski & Dodd, 2018). 
  • The rate of mortality of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder is lower than those with Anorexia Nervosa, but still significantly higher than the general population (NEDC, 2017). 
  • People with Anorexia Nervosa are more than 31 times more likely to attempt suicide and those with Bulimia Nervosa 7.5 times more likely to attempt suicide than the general population (Preti et.al, 2011). 
  • People with Anorexia Nervosa are 18 times more likely to die by suicide and those with Bulimia Nervosa are 7 times more likely to die by suicide relative to gender and aged matched comparison groups (Smith, Zuromski & Dodd, 2018). 
  • Suicidal behaviour is elevated in Binge Eating Disorder relative to the general population (Smith, Zuromski & Dodd, 2018).  
  • Suicide risk is higher when eating disorders occur with other psychological conditions (Smith et.al., 2018). 

Eating disorder treatment and recovery

  • It is estimated that 75% of people with an eating disorder don’t seek professional help (Hart et.al., 2011). 
  • The reasons/ barriers for not accessing treatment include stigma, shame, denial, failure to perceive the severity of the illness, cost of treatment, low motivation to change, lack of encouragement and lack of knowledge about how to access help resources (Ali et.al, 2017).  
  • The most effective treatment for eating disorder is person-centred care, tailored to suit the individual’s illness, situation and needs (Hay et.al., 2014). 
  • The average time taken to recover from all types of eating disorders, after seeking treatment, is 1-6 years (Deloitte Access Economics, 2015).
  • When skilled and knowledgeable health professionals deliver treatment, full recovery and good quality of life can be achieved for the majority of people with eating disorders (Butterfly Foundation, 2017).  

Treatment for eating disorders

Accessing professional, evidence-based treatment for an eating disorder will give you the best possible recovery outcomes.

Visit My Recovery Journey

Eating disorders and economic impact

  • In 2012, the total social and economic cost of eating disorders in Australia was estimated at $69.7 billion (including health system, productivity and carer costs). Direct financial costs total $17.1 million and the burden of disease costs are $52.6 million (Paxton et.al., 2012).  
  • Eating disorders are one of the 12 leading causes of hospitalisation costs due to mental health issues in Australia (Paxton et.al., 2012).  
  • Eating disorders are among the leading causes of burden of disease and injury in young females in Australia (AIHW, 2007). 
  • The in-patient expense, in the private hospital sector, of treating a single episode of Anorexia Nervosa has been reported to be the second most costly condition (after cardiac artery bypass surgery). (Pratt & Woolfenden, 2009). 

Body image, dieting and social media

  • Body image has been listed in the top four concerns for young Australians from 2009-2018 with 30% concerned about body image (Carlisle et al, 2018). 
  • Research shows that up to 80% of young teenage girls report fear of becoming ‘fat’ (Kearney-Cooke & Tieger, 2015). 
  • Nearly 23% of Australian women report a self over evaluation of weight and shape – meaning they think they are larger than they are according to BMI (Mitchison et.al., 2013). 
  • It has been reported that more than 55% of Australian girls and 57% boys aged 8 to 9 years are dissatisfied with their body t (Daragnova, 2013).  
  • Nearly half of Australian women and one third of Australian men are dissatisfied with their body (NEDC, 2017). 
  • Weight related teasing in children is associated with disordered eating, weight gain, binge eating, and extreme weight control measures (Golden, Schneider & Wood, 2016). 
  • Social media use has been linked to self-objectification, and using social media for merely 30 minutes, a day can change the way you view your own body (Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015). 
  • study of teen girls reported that social media users were significantly more likely than non-social media users to have internalized a drive for thinness and to engage in body surveillance (Fardouly et.al., 2015).  
  • Weight-loss dieting is a risk factor for the development of an eating disorders and. Dieting frequently precedes the onset of an eating disorder (Butryn & Wadden, 2005). 
  • Dietary restraint influences binge-eating behaviour (Andres & Saldana, 2014). 
  • High frequency dieting and early onset of dieting are associated with poorer physical and mental health, more disordered eating, extreme body dissatisfaction, and more frequent general health problems (Tucci et al., 2007). 

Learn more about disordered eating and dieting

Learn more

Eating disorders and COVID-19

  • People with an eating disorder may be at increased risk of exacerbation of symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, including greater levels of anxiety and stress due to social isolation (Touyz, Lacey & Hay, 2020). 
  • Initial Australian research indicates the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted eating disorders with an increase in restriction, binge eating, purging and exercise behaviours in those with eating disorders and increased restriction and binge eating in the general population (Phillipou et.al., 2020). 

Learn more about eating disorders and COVID-19

Early in the pandemic EDV put together a guide to COVID-19 and eating disorders.

Read more

References

Ali, K., Farrer, L., Fassnacht, D.B., Gulliver, A., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K.M., (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators towards help seeking for eating disorders: A systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders 50(1), 9-21. 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)American Psychiatric Association. 

Andrés, A., & Saldaña, C. (2014). Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint influence binge eating behaviour. Nutrition Research 34(11), 944–950. 

Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A.J., Wales, J. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of general psychiatry. 68(7):724-731. 

Austin, S.B., Ziyadeh, N.J., Carliss, H.L., Haines, J., Carmargo, C.A., & Field, A.E. (2009). Sexual orientation disparities in purging and binge eating from early to late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health. 45(3). 

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2007). Young Australians: Their health and wellbeing. Canberra: AIHW. 

Burt, A., Mitchison, D., Dale, E., Bussey, K., Trompeter, N., Lonergan, A., & Hay, P. (2020). Prevalence features and health impacts of eating disorder amongst First-Australian Yiramarang (adolescents) and in comparison with other Australian adolescents. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1).  

Burt, A., Mannan, H., Touyz, S., & Hay, P. (2020). Prevalence of DSM-5 diagnostic threshold eating disorders and features amongst Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander peoples (first Australians). BMC Psychiatry 20, 449. 

Bratland-Sanda, S., Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science 13(5):499-508. 

Butryn, M. L, & Wadden, T. A. (2005). Treatment of overweight in children and adolescents: Does dieting increase the risk of eating disorders?The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 285–293.  

Butterfly Foundation. (2012). Paying the price: the economic and social impact of eating disorders in Australia. Melbourne: Butterfly Foundation. 

Butterfly Foundation (2017). National agenda for eating disorders 2017-2022. Sydney: Butterfly Foundation. 

Butterfly Foundation. (2020a). Eating disorders can affect anyone. Sydney: Butterfly Foundation. 

Butterfly Foundation. (2020b)The reality of eating disorders in Australia. Sydney. Butterfly Foundation. 

Calzo, J.P., Blashill, A.J., Brown, T.A., Argenal, R.L. (2017). Eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviours in sexual minority populationsCurrent Psychiatry Reports. 19(8). 

Carlisle, E., Fildes, J., Hall, S., Hicking, V., Perrens, B. and Plummer, J. (2018), Youth Survey Report 2018, Mission Australia 

Culbert, K. M., Racine, S. E., & Klump, K. L. (2015). Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders – a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56(11), 1141-1164 

Damiano, S. R., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., McLean, S. A., & Gregg, K. J. (2015). Can social factors influence the dietary restraint of girls as young as five? Journal of Eating Disorders, 3 (Suppl 1), O23.  

Daragnova G. (2013). Body image of primary school children: The longitudinal study of Australian children annual statistical report. Australian Institute of Family Studies. 

Deloitte Access Economics (2015). Investing in need: cost-effective interventions for eating disorders. Report commissioned for Butterfly Foundation. Sydney: Butterfly Foundation. 

Duncan, L., Yilmaz, Z., Gaspar, H., Walters, R., Goldstein, J., Anttila, V., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Ripke, S., Thornton, L. and Hinney, A. (2017). Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. American journal of psychiatry, 174(9), 850-858. 

Erskine, H.E. & Whiteford, H.A. (2018). Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 31(6), 462-470. 

Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45.  

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative comparisons about one’s appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns. Body Image, 12, 82–88.  

Fichter, M.M., Quadflieg, N. (2016). Mortality in eating disorders – results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study. 49(4):391–401.  

Galmiche, M., Déchelotte, P., Lambert, G., & Tavolacci, M. P. (2019). Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(5), 1402- 1413. 

Golden, N. H., Schneider, M., & Wood, C. (2016). Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(3).  

Hall, S., Fildes, J., Tiller, E., Di Nocola, K. & Plummer, J. (2020). National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander youth report: youth survey 2019. Mission Australia: Sydney, NSW. 

Hart, L.M., Granillo, M.T., Jorm, A.F. (2011). Unmet need for treatment in the eating disorders: a systematic review of eating disorder specific treatment seeking among community cases. Clinical Psychology Review 31:727-735. 

Hay, P., & Carriage, C. (2012). Eating disorder features in indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Australian peoples. BMC Public Health. 12. 

Hay, P., Chinn, D., Forbes, D., Madden, S., Newton, R., Sugenor, L., Touyz, S., & Ward, W. (2014). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(11),1-62. 

Hay, P.J., Mond, J., Buttner, P., Darby, A. (2008) Eating Disorder Behaviours Are Increasing: Findings from Two Sequential Community Surveys in South Australia. PLoS ONE 3(2): e1541.  

Hay, P., Girosi, F., & Mond, J. (2015). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders in the Australian population. Journal of Eating Disorders. 3(19), 1-7. 

Hesney, E., Goodwin, G.M., & Fazel, S., (2014). Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review World Psychiatry. 13(2), 153-60. 

Hübel, C., Leppä, V., Breen, G. and Bulik, C.M., (2018). Rigor and reproducibility in genetic research on eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(7), 593-607. 

Hudson, J., Hiripi, E., Pope Jr., H., & Kessler, R. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry 61, 348-358. 

Jones, B. A., Haycraft, E., Murjan, S., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 28(1), 81–94. 

Kaye, W.H., Bulik, C.M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N., Masters, K. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12):2215–2221.  

Kearney‐Cooke, A., & Tieger, D. (2015). Body image disturbance and the development of eating disorders. In L. Smolak & M. D. Levine (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders (pp. 283-296). West Sussex, UK: Wiley 

Keski-Rahkonen, A., Raevuori, A., & Hoek, H.W. (2018). Epidemiology of eating disorders: an update. Annual Review of Eating Disorders: CRC Press, 66-76. 

Loth, K.A., Maclehose. R., Bucchianeri, M., Crow, S., Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Predictors of dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5):705–712.  

Mari, A., Hosadurg, D., Martin, L., Zarate-Lopez, N., Passananti, V., & Emmanuel, A. (2019). Adherence with a low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: are eating disorders the missing link?European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,31(2), 178–182.  

Mayhew, A.J., Pigeyre, M., Couturier, J. and Meyre, D., (2018). An evolutionary genetic perspective of eating disorders. Neuroendocrinology, 106(3), 292-306. 

Micali, N., Martini, M.G., Thomas, J.J., Eddy, K.T., Kothari, R., Russell, E., Bulik, C.M., & Treasure, J. (2017). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of eating disorders amongst women in mid-life: a population-based study of diagnoses and risk factors. BMC Medicine. 15(12). 

Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Slewa‐Younan, S., & Hay, P. (2013). Sex differences in health‐related quality of life impairment associated with eating disorder features: A general population study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46, 375-380. 

Mitchison, D., Hay, P.J. (2014). The epidemiology of eating disorders: Genetic, environmental, and societal factorsClinical Epidemiology. 6(1):89–97.  

Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., Murray, S.B. (2020). Eating disorders in adolescent boys and young men: an update, Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 32(4), 476-481. 

Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K.T. & Austin, S. B. (2020). Emerging trends in eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities, Current Opinion in Psychiatry: 33 (6), 562-567. 

National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC). (2010). Eating disorders prevention, treatment & management: An evidence review. Sydney: NEDC. 

National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC). (2012). An integrated response to complexity – national eating disorders frameworkSydney: NEDC. 

National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC). (2017). Eating disorders prevention, treatment and management an updated evidence review. Sydney: NEDC. 

O’Brien, K.M., Vincent, N.K. (2003). Psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: Nature, prevalence, and causal relationships. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1):57–74.  

Paxton S.J., Hay, P., Touyz, S.W., Forbes, D.M., Sloane Girolsi, F., Doherty, A., Cook, L., & Morgan, C. (2012). Paying the price: The Economic and Social Impact of Eating Disorders in Australia, Sydney: Butterfly Foundation. 

Pereira, R. F., & Alvarenga, M. (2007). Disordered Eating : Identifying, Treating, Preventing, and Differentiating It From Eating Disorders. Diabetes Spectrum 20(3), 141–148. 

Pettersson, E., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., Song, J., Agrawal, A., Børglum, A.D., Bulik, C.M., Daly, M.J., Davis, L.K., Demontis, D. and Edenberg, H.J. (2019). Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls. Psychological medicine, 49(7), 1166-1173. 

Phillipou, Andrea & Meyer, Denny & Neill, Erica & Tan, Eric & Toh, Wei Lin & Van Rheenen, Tamsyn & Rossell, Susan. (2020). Eating and exercise behaviors in eating disorders and the general population during the COVID ‐19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 53. 10.1002/eat.23317. 

Polderman, T.J., Benyamin, B., De Leeuw, C.A., Sullivan, P.F., Van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P.M. and Posthuma, D., (2015). Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nature genetics, 47(7), 702. 

Pratt, B.M., Woolfenden, S. (2009). Interventions for preventing eating disorders in children and adolescents (Review).Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009;2. 

Reardon, C.L., Hainline, B., Aron, C.M. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement British Journal of Sports Medicine 53(11):667-99. 

Schaumberg, K., Welch, E., Breithaupt, L., Hübel, C., Baker, J. H., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., Yilmaz, Z., Ehrlich, S., Mustelin, L., Ghaderi, A., Hardaway, A. J., Bulik-Sullivan, E. C., Hedman, A. M., Jangmo, A., Nilsson, I., Wiklund, C., Yao, S., Seidel, M., & Bulik, C. M. (2017). The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders’ Nine Truths About Eating Disorders. European eating disorders review: the journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 25(6), 432–450.  

Smith, A.R., Zuromski, K.L., & Dodd, D.R. (2018). Eating disorders and suicidality: what we know, what we don’t know, and suggestions for future research, Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 63-67. 

Smith, A.R., Ortiz, S.N., Forrest, L.N., Velkoff, E.A., Dodd, D.R. (2018). Which Comes First? An Examination of Associations and Shared Risk Factors for Eating Disorders and Suicidality. Current Psychiatry Rep 20(9):77. 

Strauss, P., Cook, A., Winter, s., Watson, V., Wright D., & Lin, A. (2017). Trans pathways: the mental health experiences and care pathways of trans young people. Summary of results, Perth: Telethon Kids Institute.  

Strother, E., Lemberg, R., Stanford, S.C. &Tubervillea, D. (2012). Eating disorders in men: underdiagnosed, undertreated and misunderstood. Eating Disorders, 20(5), 346-355. 

Swinbourne, J.M. and Touyz, S.W. (2007). The co‐morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 15(4), 253-274. 

Touyzs, S., Lacey, H., & Hay, P. (2020). Eating disorders in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 19. 

Trace, S. E., Baker, J. H., Peñas-Lledó, E., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). The genetics of eating disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 589-620. 

Tucci, J., Mitchell, J., & Goddard, C. (2007). Modern children in Australia. Melbourne: Australian Childhood Foundation. 

Volpe, U., Tortorella, A., Manchia, M., Monteleone, A.M., Albert, U., & Monteleone, P. (2016). Eating disorders: What age at onset? Psychiatry Research. April. 225-227. 

Wabich, J., Bellaguarda, E., Joyce, C., Keefer, L., & Kinsinger, S. (2020). Disordered Eating, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings,27(2), 310-317. 

Watson, R.J, Veale, J.F., Saewyc, E.M. (2017). Disordered eating behaviors among transgender youth: probability profiles from risk and protective factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders 50:515–522. 

Witcomb, G. L., Bouman, W. P., Brewin, N., Richards, C., Fernandez-Aranda, F., & Arcelus, J. (2015). Body image dissatisfaction and eating related psychopathology in trans individuals: A matched control study. European Eating Disorders Review, 23, 287–293. 

Wells, K. R., Jeacocke, N. A., Appaneal, R., Smith, H. D., Vlahovich, N., Burke, L.M, & Hughes, D. (2020). The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) position statement on disordered eating in high performance sport.British Journal of Sports Medicine,54(21), 1247–1258.  

Yeo, M, Hughes, E. (2011) Eating disorders: early identification in general practice. Australian Family Physician 40(30), 108-111. 

Was the page helpful?